Here are some of the desirable properties of refrigerant explained in detail. Classify refrigerants into primary and secondary, and discuss the important differences between primary and secondary refrigerants. May 01, 2014 following are the desirable properties of a primary refrigerant. Desirable properties of refrigerants chemical engineering site. It is one of a series prepared to provide a record of the database entries in printed form. Refrigerants are chemicals used for cooling in automobile air conditioners, window air conditioners. For thermodynamics and fluid mechanics problems, values of entropy, specific heat energy etc must be known for various fluids and their value can easily be obtained from these tables. It is designed for use in new equipment and as a service refrigerant for existing hcfc22 air conditioning, heat pump, and medium temperature refrigeration equipment. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Technical r404a data sheet features and uses of r404a r404a is a ternary mixture consisting of r125, r143a and r4a. Physical properties of refrigerants molecular weight, boiling, freezing and critical points engineering toolbox resources, tools and basic information for engineering and design of technical applications. The miscibility and better transport of oil through components of the air conditioning system, back to the compressor, are achieved by synthetic lubricants, such as pag polyalkylene glycol and poe polyol ester 19. Vapour charging solstice n40 may result in the wrong refrigerant composition and could damage the system.
The most reliable way to be safe is to choose a refrigerant that is neither toxic nor flammable. In the present study, properties of new generation refrigerating fluid mixtures with hydrofluoroolefin bases, and their environmental effects were compared. Posted by andreas faust on dec 30, xls 95 58 pm chapter diarama equations analysis, ra. Abstract the thermodynamic properties of a refrigerant oil mixture are the. The refrigerant in any refrigerator or air conditioner flows continuously through the vapor compression cycle, absorbing the heat in the evaporator and releasing it in the condenser. Discuss the importance of selection of suitable refrigerant in a refrigeration system. Policylegislation on fgases and alternatives two environmental frameworks one goal the montreal protocol and the kyoto protocol. Refrigerants r407c and r407a properties, uses, storage. Pdf thermodynamic and transport properties of fluids. Comparison of environmental impacts and physical properties of refrigerants ko matsunaga executive summary even before the invention of refrigeration, people wanted to improve their life by using ice to provide cold drinks and preserve food. The design of hvac system is influenced by the choice of the vapor compression process, which means that refrigerant choice defines hvac design as well. Corresponding to the table of the property functions in chapter 1 you ptu distance education prospectus pdf have to call up the function. The thermodynamic properties are interrelated and mainly depend on normal boiling point, critical temperature, molecular weight and structure.
In addition, we define two dimensionless distances from the critical point tt. Characteristics of some new generation refrigerants with low gwp. These refrigerants are primarily used for air conditioning and heat pumps and have replaced r22 in many applications. R4a has relatively low pressure and therefore about 50% larger compressor displacement is required when compared to r22. Vapour liquid equilibrium and thermodynamic properties. The choice of refrigerant is becoming more complex and this chapter can only be considered as an introduction. Therefore, most of the studies on gases with hfo have focused on r1234yf and r1234ze 510. Most of the halogenated refrigerants meet these requirements. Spreadsheet calculations of thermodynamic properties. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information.
Identify most promising lowgwp refrigerants and tradeoffs between them. As such, there is no refrigerant that can be advantageously used under all operating conditions and in all types of refrigeration systems. A familiarity with these diagrams will make this chapter easier. Refrigerants properties pdf product data summary and thermodynamic tables. Hydrocarbon hc refrigerants have been in use from the late 1800s, and in conjunction with ammonia, were the most widely used refrigerants prior to the introduction of chlorinated fluorocarbon refrigerants in the 1930s.
Chapter 6 introduction to refrigerants flashcards quizlet. These flame effects may be an indication of very high refrigerant concentrations, and continuing to work without adequate ventilation may result in injury or death. Fortunately ammonia has been very thoroughly studied by thermodynamicists over the years and. In this experiment you will prepare samples of both sulfur dioxide and ammonia, investigate some of their properties, and compare them with a current cfcsubstitute compound. Clear and comprehensive, it is suitable for both trainee and professional hvac engineers, with a straightforward approach that also helps inexperienced readers gain a comprehensive introduction to the fundamentals of the technology. The purpose of this international standard is to address the differing performance ratings due to the differences between multiple property formulations, which is a problem especially in international trade.
It would not cause ozone depletion or climate change. Any refrigerant can be hazardous if used improperly. R22 thermodynamic properties temperature standard1. Thermodynamics tutorial 5 heat pumps and refrigeration on completion of this tutorial you should be able to do the following. Commonly used refrigerants are carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, ammonia, freon11, freon12 and cryogenic refrigerants. The use of smaller hoses and 30% increase in control pressure regulations also have to be done to the system. These properties can be divided into favourable thermodynamic, chemical and physical properties. New tables of the thermodynamic properties of hfc4a have been developed and are presented here. Retrofit guidelines for dupont isceon mo99 r438a refrigerant. This information is based on values calculated using the nist refprop database mclinden, m. Start studying chapter 6 introduction to refrigerants. Refrigerants pdf classify refrigerants into primary and secondary, and discuss the important. It is essential that systems be charged with liquid from the cylinder. Purpose the refrigerant database is an information system on alternative refrigerants, associated lubri.
Thermodynamic properties of refrigerant r4a, also known as 1,1,1,2tetrafluoroethane, r4a, freon 4a, forane 4a, genetron 4a, florasol 4a, suva 4a or hfc4a and norflurane inn. The refrigerants have a thermodynamic property charge on pressureenthalpy coordinates with an abbreviated set of tabular data for the saturated liquid and vapor on the facing page. Thermodynamic properties of 2,3,3,3tetrafluoroprop1ene r1234yf. Tables of the thermodynamic properties of dupont freon. Opteon refrigerants low global warming potential refrigerants for air conditioning and refrigeration. Heat exchangers for alternative refrigerants c ommercial refrigeration has been in the environmental spotlight for more than a decade, especially as leakage studies have revealed the true effects of hydrofluorocarbon hfc emissions. R32 has a gwp about one third that of r410a, and it has excellent properties as a refrigerant. Envirosafetm industrial 4a replacement cans safety data sheet according to federal register vol. Technical r404a refrigerant gases and products for air.
Thermophysical properties of hcfc alternatives final report 1 april 1994 31 october 1996 w. For each cryogenic fluid, a second table of properties is provided for vapor at a pressure of one standard atmosphere. Thermophysical properties of refrigerants t his chapter presents data for thermodynamic and transport properties of refrigerants, arra nged for the occasional user. The refrigerant is the fluid that is used in the vapor compression refrigeration system for carrying the heat from the substance or the fluid to be cooled and throws it to the atmosphere. It is consistent with and is intended to complement iso 817.
Refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pumps, fifth edition. Appendix a thermodynamic property tables general because of ammonias widespread use as a refrigerant, comprehensive tables of thermodynamic properties are frequently needed by refrigeration engineers. Key properties of the main refrigerants are given in table 3. A throttling valve should be used to control the flow of refrigerant to the suction side to ensure that a liquid. Thermodynamic properties of refrigerants using artificial. Pdf thermodynamics properties table suddiyas nawaz. Describe the numbering system used for designating refrigerants section. New tables of the thermodynamic properties of dupont. This article is the brief overview of what are refrigerants and the history of refrigerants. Standards and climate policy implications of engineering constraints hung pham, emerson climate technologies harvey sachs, american council for an energyefficient economy abstract there is no single perfect refrigerant for diverse air conditioning, refrigeration, and industrial applications. For zeotropic blends, including r729 air, tables are incremented in pressure, with properties given for liquid on the. Technical information practical application of refrigerant. As the refrigerant flows through the continuous vapor compression cycle it absorbs heat from a lowtemperature reservoir and deflects it into the atmosphere. Safety is perhaps the most important single factor in the selection of a refrigerant.
Influence of those properties, which is of the utmost significance on the vapor compression process effi ciency and design has been presented. Freon 407c refrigerant performs similarly to hcfc22 under evaporator temperatures ranging from 7 to 10 c 20 to 50 f. The volumetric cooling capacity is a value calculated from suction gas density and en thalpy difference of evaporation. Hazards include liquid or vapor under pressure, and. This refrigerant is not 100% compatible with the lubricants and mineralbased refrigerant currently used in r12. Note that in most cases, equipment designed for r22 cannot use r410a because of this difference in operating pressures, so retrofitting an existing r22. Their thermodynamic characteristics constitute as ideal replacement for r502 for refrigeration sector in new facilities at low and medium temperatures. The experimental facility provides instrumentation and control strategies which allowed evaluating the behavior of the mass flow rate of refrigerant, the refrigeration capacity, the power. The liquid at the evaporator coil should therefore vapourise easily, otherwise the compressor will have to create too much of vacuum to cause the liquid to vapourise. The latest book from a very famous author finally comes out. R22 thermodynamic properties agc chemicals company. Thermodynamic properties of duponttm freonr 22 refrigerant. This article describes thermodynamic properties of the refrigerants the ideal refrigerant.
Design changes to the condenser and evaporator need to be done to use this refrigerant. Kwong srk, pengrobinson pr, trebblebishnoisalim tbs, freze et al c1, and geos3c. Since boiling point and gas density are affected by pressure, refrigerants may be made more suitable. The refrigerants have a thermodynamic property chart on pressureenthalpy coordinates with an abbreviated set of tabular data for saturated liquid and vapor on the faci ng page. The current generation of refrigerants, hydrofluorocarbons hfcs, have. Refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pumps 5th edition.
Considerable reductions in emissions are possible, but implementing them is having a major impact. Solstice n40 r448a refrigerant honeywell refrigerants. Refrigerants physical properties engineering toolbox. This is a haloalkane refrigerant with thermodynamic properties similar to r12 dichlorodifluoromethane. Opteon refrigerants for air conditioning, refrigeration, and heat pump applications have the optimal balance of performance. However, following properties range more attention for selecting a refrigerant and compressor. The effects of oil on the thermodynamic properties of. Apr 12, 2020 whenever we choose them for particular use properties of refrigerants also plays a vital role in economic and environmental friendly application. Volkmar hasse, gtz proklima, germany preface volkmar hasse, gtz proklima i. Discuss refrigerant selection criteria based on thermodynamic, thermophysical, environmental and economic properties. You should have made proper choices for your better life. In refrigeration and air conditioning applications there are wide range of conditions in which the refrigerants. The liquid has to vapourise at the evaporator coil to cause cooling.
The refrigerant in any refrigerator or air conditioner flows continuously through the vapor compression cycle, absorbing the heat in the evaporator and releasing it in the. The ashrae position document on ammonia as a refrigerant was developed by the societys refrigeration. Spreadsheet calculations of thermodynamic properties larry caretto, david mcdaniel, tom mincer csu, northridgeus air force academycsu, northridge abstract a thermodynamic property calculation tool has been developed based on the excel spreadsheet program. This report provides citations and summaries from the arti refrigerant database from the recently added and key citations file. In spite of that, we can state certain desirable properties that a refrigerant should posses.
The analysis of the temperature fluctua tions is described by. Vapour liquid equilibrium and thermodynamic properties were predicted, along the saturation curve and in. Physical properties of refrigerants low freezing point. A refrigerant is a substance or mixture, usually a fluid, used in a heat pump and refrigeration. The idea was to use the refrigerant r22 as working fluid, and then replace it by the refrigerants. For example, in the ann for refrigerant r4a, p 1 is the pressure, p 2 and p 3 the liquid and vapor density, p 4 and p 5 the liquid and vapor en the subscript i varies from 1 to n n best on each model. Mineral oil is not miscible with current hfcbased refrigerants 19.
R404a refrigerant properties pdf r404a is a blend of hfc refrigerants commonly used for medium and low. These physical properties of refrigerants help us select the proper refrigerant for the application as per our requirement. Shaded value indicates more than 10% capacity loss. Commonly used refrigerants are carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, ammonia, freon11, freon12. This document, prepared by isotc 86sc 8wg 7, is a new international standard. Review of thermodynamic properties of refrigerants. Different refrigerants are used for different temperature conditions and there is no ideal one that is suitable for all conditions. R410a properties pdf new tables of the thermodynamic properties of dupont. Haynes physical and chemical properties division national institute of standards and technology 325 broadway boulder, colorado 80303 november 1996 prepared for the airconditioning and refrigeration technology institute under arti mclr project number. The thermodynamic properties of refrigerants columbushoa. Natural refrigerants sustainable ozone and climatefriendly alternatives to hcfcs introduction dr. An understanding of the pressuretemperature relationship of refrigerants as theypass through the refrigeration compression cycle also will help you as you study this chapter on refrigerant tables. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Technical information at22 thermodynamic properties of dupontz freon.
Refrigerant hfc 410a r410a table acin8a tables contain no allowances for vertical lift. The thermodynamic, physical as well as safe working properties should be taken into account before selecting a refrigerant for a particular purpose. Among hfo derivative gases, it is the refrigerant commercialized first and still in use. In compression refrigeration systems, suitable oil must be used for compressor lubrication. In todays world, other properties of the refrigerant are more important. With r410a, the same unit will operate under the same conditions with a suction pressure of 118 psi and a discharge pressure of 400 psi, as shown in figure 1 on the next page. A description of the experimental and theoretical methods used to predict refrigerant oil properties are summarized below. Diagramme mollier r22 le diagramme enthalpique pdf gain complete understanding refrigeration cycle air conditioning well basics course entropy which. Since one goal of the present study is to develop more accurate models to describe this behavior, comparisons to previous literature will be necessary. The ideal working fluid or often called refrigerant would have favorable thermodynamic properties, be noncorrosive to mechanical components, and be safe, including freedom from toxicity and flammability. In the last two centuries, human ingenuity made it possible to control fully. Refrigeration n changes phase due to change in pressure n most common cryogens are n solid carbon dioxide n liquid carbon cook chill systems n used to replace warm holding of foods n cook chill system.
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